From SourceWatch
Coal is the main commercial energy fuel in India with 69% of electricity derived from coal-fired power stations. Ambitious plans by the Indian government to extend the electrification rate from its 2005 level of approximately 44% to the whole population, as well as catering for rapid growth in industrial and household consumption, are driving plans for a massive expansion of installed electricity capacity.
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) notes in its 2006 review of Indian mining that the existing electricity generating system capacity was 116 gigawatts (GW) and it "needed to acquire an additional generating capacity of 65GW to sustain its economic growth in the next 5 to 10 years". The USGS estimates that 30GW of the additional 65GW could be from coal-fired power stations, with gas contributing 14GW and a further 21GW from new nuclear power stations.[1]
While India has coal reserves estimated by the World Coal Institute (WCI) at 92 billion tonnes -- 217 years supply -- it is of low quality as it has a high ash content.[citation needed] In August 2010, the EIA projected that India has coal reserves of 62,300 million short tons.[2]
India Rejects Calls to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions
In June 2009, Environment Minister Jairam Ramesh said that India will reject any international treaty to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Ramesh said that the effort to cut global warming emissions should instead be undertaken by industrialized countries. As more than 190 countries negotiate a global climate treaty ahead of the COP15 conference, India is in talks with Brazil, China, and South Africa to call on the United States and Britain to reduce emissions 45 percent by the year 2020 from 1990 levels. Currently the European Union has pledged a 20 percent reduction, Japan has promised an 8 percent cut, and the U.S. is committed to returning to 1990 levels by 2020. All of these reductions fall below the UN target for global warming gases. Ramesh said India has pledged to contain per capita CO2 emissions below those of developed nations, but said, "There is no way India is going to accept any emission reduction target, period, between now and the Copenhagen meeting and thereafter."[3]
Coal India to use GPS to stop pilferage
It was announced in November 2011 that Coal India would use satellite technology to prevent shipments from being hijacked amid a shortage that has hit supplies to thermal power projects in the country. It is estimated that at least a quarter of 431 million tonnes of coal was stolen in transit.[4]
Domestic Coal Mining
Between 1996 and 2005 Indian hard coal production increased from 285 million tonnes to 397.7 million tonnes in 2005. In addition, 37.1 million tonnes were estimated to have been imported in 2005 with a total coal consumption of 433.4 million tonnes. The World Coal Institute estimates that coal demand could grow to 758 million tonnes in 2030.[5]
It was reported in May 2011 that Indonesia's coal mining companies were cranking up coal production to meet the fast pace of demand growth, and it was forecast that the country would produce 340 million tonnes of coal in 2011, up from 320 million tonnes in 2010. In 2011 it was reported that India was the third largest miner in the world and will produce around 554 million tonnes of coal, but will burn 696 million.[6][7]
Coal Reserves
A report issued by India think tank Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) in December 2009 estimated that the country has approximately 45 years' worth of usable coal reserves. Previous estimates from geological studies had suggested that India had about 267 billion tonnes of coal, including approximately 105 billion tonnes of proven reserves, which could last for up to 200 years. The TERI report said the revised estimate showed the importance of developing policy initiatives for renewable energy, including aggressive promotion of solar energy technologies. Rajendra Pachauri, TERI's director-general, said, "It's a myth that India has a virtually unlimited supply of coal. Much of our coal is so deep that it cannot be mined." According to the report, India will have to increase its coal imports to about 1,300 million tonnes per year by 2030, unless initiatives are launched to lessen the country's dependence on coal - if renewable energy initiatives are launched effectively, coal imports could be restricted to 200 million tonnes per year.[8]
In August 2010, the EIA projected that India has coal reserves of 62,300 million short tons.[9]
In May 2011, the coal ministry said it plans to redefine the boundaries of 28 coal blocks in the country, to "help in improving availability of the essential fuel by 34 per cent." Out of a total 602 coal blocks in nine coalfields in the country, the environment ministry said the available areas for mining in the country would increase by up to 64 per cent from 59 per cent, according to estimates of the coal ministry.[10]
Environment Minister approves coal blocks
On June 24, 2011, India Environment Minister Jairam Ramesh approved coal blocks in Chhattisgarh, after overruling the Forest Advisory Committee. Out of three blocks - Parsa East, Kante Basan and Tara in the Hasdeo-Arand forest region - the first two are allotted for Rajasthan and third is for Chhattisgarh.[11]
Major Indian Coal Companies
The World Coal Institute states that "almost all of India's 565 [coal] mines are operated by Coal India and its subsidiaries, which account for about 86% of the country's coal production. Current policy allows private mines only if they are ?captive' operations, i.e. they feed a power plant or factory. Most of the coal production in India comes from opencast mining, contributing over 83% of the total production. Coal India employs some 460,000 people and is one of the largest five companies in India."[12]
The USGS estimates coal production from major wholly Coal India owned subsidiaries as being:
- Bihar Coking Coal Ltd which operates in Bihar and West Bengal and has an annual capacity of 26 million tonnes;
- Central Coalfields Ltd which operates in Bihar and has an annual capacity of 27 million tonnes;
- Eastern Coalfields Ltd which operates in Bihar and West Bengal and has an annual capacity of 21 million tonnes;
- Mahandadi Coalfields Ltd which operates in Orissa and has an annual capacity of 21 million tonnes;
- North-Eastern Coalfields Ltd which operates in Assam and has an annual capacity of 640 million tonnes;
- Northern Coalfields Ltd which operates in Indian Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh and has an annual capacity of 24 million tonnes;
- South Eastern Coalfields Ltd. which operates in Madhya Pradesh and has an annual capacity of 36 million tonnes;
- Western Coalfields Ltd. which operates in Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra and has an annual capacity of 18 million tonnes;
- Neyveli Lignite Corp. Ltd. which operates in Tamil Nadu and has an annual capacity of 17 million tonnes of lignite.
Another major coal mining operation is Singareni Collieries Co. Ltd., India?s oldest coal miner, and the second largest Indian coal miner after Coal India. SCCL operates 13 opencast and 42 underground mines in the Godavari River Valley, in southern India (Andhra Pradesh), producing 52-million tons a year of coal, as of 2011.[13] SCCL is 50% owned by the Andhra Pradesh State government and 50% by the Indian government. In 2006, it had an annual capacity of 18 million tonnes.[14]
Children miners
An estimated 70,000 children work in the coal mines in the Jaintia Hills in northeast India, according to Impulse, a children?s rights organization working to end the practice. The youngest of the miners are just 7 years old. An article in The Christian Science Monitor reported that many work for a few dollars a day ? $5 per cartload of coal ? in narrow, unreinforced seams in 5,000 small mines. Most are Nepalese, who are allowed to apply to work there, but many are Bangladeshis, who are there illegally. Others are Indian. Some have been sold by their families as indentured laborers, according to Impulse.[15]
While Indian law prohibits child labor, India?s Constitution grants the tribal and native communities in this region exclusive rights over their land, which includes operating the mines. Also, lawsuits against mine owners are conveyed by national courts to local courts, where mine owners are unlikely to be prosecuted. Mine manager Purna Lama says there is no money for safety measures, other laws and many rules are meant to protect cottage industries, while many mines are owned by state and national lawmakers or their relatives. Cave-ins are always a threat; wooden ladders leading down to quarries are slippery with moss; there is little or no access to medical care, sanitation, safe drinking water, or even adequate ventilation. Mr. Lama estimates that there are eight accidents a month in the mines, at least two of which are fatal.[15]
The number of children working in the state's 5,000 coal mines is a matter of dispute, with Impulse estimating tens of thousands and local politicians putting it in the hundreds. In May 2011, the LA Times reported that most of the children miners work in Meghalaya, where the government "with only seven labor inspectors and no vehicle, all but ignores child labor and safety problems, keen to goose the economy" and that the government "acknowledged that 222 children worked in 20 villages mining and hauling coal and doing related jobs, but it has done nothing to rescue them."[16]
Coalbed methane in India
On January 4, 2011, Great Eastern Energy said it had signed an agreement with the Tamil Nadu government for the development of gas reserves lying below coal seams in the Mannargudi block in the state. Great Eastern was awarded the Mannargudi block located near Tiruchirapalli in June 2010 in the fourth round of bidding for Coal Bed Methane (CBM) blocks. Great Eastern is the first company to commercially produce CBM in India. Great Eastern is currently producing CBM from its block in Raniganj, West Bengal, and is already supplying CBM to various industrial customers in and around Asansol/Durgapur, West Bengal as well as syngas to vehicles through India Oil petrol pumps and, potentially, Bharat Petroleum outlets as well. The Mannargudi block is spread over an area of 691 sq km and the CBM resource is estimated at 0.98 trillion cubic feet.[17]
Coal Plants
For more details, see Proposed coal plants in India and Existing coal plants in India
The dramatic expansion of installed power generation capacity - which is estimated to have increased by about 64% in a decade -- is the dominant driver of increased coal consumption.[5] The 2005 estimate for installed capacity is 137GW. With limited oil and gas reserves, the government is promoting plans for a major expansion of coal-fired power stations. The Ministry of Coal is also promoting the establishment of coal-to-liquids projects.
According to the India Central Electric Authority, as of June 2011 the current installed capacity of Coal Based Thermal Power in India is 96,743.38 MW, which comes to 54.66% of total installed base.[18]
Proposed coal-fired power plants
Note: This table may be sorted by clicking on the header of each column.
| State | Plant name | Company | MW | Annual CO2 (tons)[19] | Status | Notes |
| Andhra Pradesh | Adilabad Power Station | Singareni Collieries | 1200 | 7,096,441 | Proposed | |
| Andhra Pradesh | Bhavanapadu Thermal Power Project | East Coast Energy | 2640 | 15,612,170 | Deferred | |
| Andhra Pradesh | Bhavavipuram Cement power station | Deccan Cements | 18 | 106,447 | Construction | |
| Andhra Pradesh | Dr Narla Tata Rao power station | Andhra Pradesh Power Generation Corporation | 67 | 396,218 | Proposed | |
| Andhra Pradesh | Garividi power station | Facor Power | 45 | 266,117 | Proposed | |
| Andhra Pradesh | Krishnapatnam Ultra Mega Power Project | Reliance Power | 4000 | 23,654,803 | Proposed | |
| Andhra Pradesh | Nagarjuna Construction Company Sompeta Thermal Plant | Nagarjuna Construction Company | 2640 | 15,612,170 | Canceled | |
| Andhra Pradesh | Sattupally Thermal Power Station | Andhra Pradesh Power Generation Corporation | 600 | 3,548,220 | Proposed | |
| Andhra Pradesh | Simhadri II power station | NTPC | 1000 | 5,913,701 | Proposed | |
| Andhra Pradesh | Vadarevu Thermal Power Project | Andhra Pradesh Power Generation Corporation | 1600 | 9,461,921 | Proposed | |
| Andhra Pradesh | Vijayawada Thermal Power Project (IGCC) | Andhra Pradesh Power Generation Corporation | 182 | 1,076,294 | Proposed | |
| Andhra Pradesh | Sompeta project | Nelcast Energy Corporation Ltd | 1320 | 7,806,085 | Proposed | |
| Assam | Bongaigon NTPC power station | NTPC | 1000 | 5,913,701 | Construction | |
| Bihar | Banka power station | Abhijeet Group | 3960 | 23,418,255 | Deferred | MoU with Bihar State Electricity Board has expired |
| Bihar | Barauni power station | Bihar State Electricity Board | 500 | 2,956,850 | Proposed | |
| Bihar | Barh I power station | NTPC | 1980 | 11,709,128 | Construction | Delayed to 2013-14 |
| Bihar | Barh II power station | NTPC | 1320 | 7,806,085 | Construction | Delayed to 2013-14 |
| Bihar | Bhagalpur Power Project | Adhunik Power and Natural Resources | 2640 | 15,612,170 | Proposed | |
| Bihar | Bihar Sponge Iron power station | Modi Group | 25 | 147,843 | Proposed | |
| Bihar | Buxar Thermal Power Station | Buxar Bijlee Company | 1320 | 7,806,085 | Proposed | |
| Bihar | Indragachi power station | India Power Corporation | 1320 | 7,806,085 | Proposed | |
| Bihar | Jagdishpur power station | AES India | 2640 | 15,612,170 | Proposed | |
| Bihar | Lakhisarai Thermal Power Station | Lakhisarai Bijlee | 1320 | 7,806,085 | Proposed | |
| Bihar | Muzaffarpur power station | Bihar State Electricity Board | 390 | 2,306,343 | Construction | |
| Bihar | Nabinagar I power station | NTPC and Ministry of Railways | 1000 | 5,913,701 | Construction | |
| Bihar | Nabinagar Super Thermal Power Project | Nabinagar Power Generating Company | 1960 | 11,590,854 | Construction | |
| Bihar | Pirpainti Thermal Power Station | Pirpainti Bijlee Company | 1320 | 7,806,085 | Proposed | |
| Bihar | South Pirpainti Thermal Power Station | Nalanda Power Company | 2000 | 11,827,402 | Proposed | |
| Chhattisgarh | Akaltara Ultra Mega Power Project | Akaltara Power | 4000 | 23,654,803 | Deferred | |
| Chhattisgarh | Arasmeta Expansion Power Plant | KSK Energy Ventures | 43 | 254,289 | Construction | |
| Chhattisgarh | Avantha Bhandar power station | Avanthi Power and Infrastructure | 1200 | 7,096,441 | Proposed | |
| Chhattisgarh | Balpur power station | Jain Energy | 1200 | 7,096,441 | Proposed | |
| Chhattisgarh | Baradarha power station | DB Power | 1200 | 7,096,441 | Proposed | |
| Chhattisgarh | Bhaiyathan Thermal Power Project | Indiabulls Power | 1320 | 7,806,085 | Proposed | |
| Chhattisgarh | Bhandhakhar power station | Maruti Clean Coal and Power | 300 | 1,774,110 | Proposed | |
| Chhattisgarh | Birra Thermal Power Project | Moser Baer Power & Infrastructures | 1320 | 7,806,085 | Proposed | |
| Chhattisgarh | Chakabura power station | ACB (India) | 30 | 177,411 | Construction | |
| Chhattisgarh | Champa Adhunik power station | Adhunik Power and Natural Resources | 1320 | 7,806,085 | Proposed | |
| Chhattisgarh | Champa Power Project | ACB (India) | 1200 | 7,096,441 | Proposed | |
| Chhattisgarh | Chhattisgarh GMR power station | GMR Group | 2055 | 12,152,655 | Proposed | |
| Chhattisgarh | Facor Power Chhattisgarh power project | Facor Power | 600 | 3,548,220 | Proposed | |
| Chhattisgarh | Korba III power station | NTPC | 500 | 2,956,850 | Proposed | |
| Chhattisgarh | KSK Mahanadi Power Project | KSK Energy Ventures | 3600 | 21,289,323 | Construction | |
| Chhattisgarh | KSK Narmada Power Project | KSK Energy Ventures | 1800 | 10,644,661 | Proposed | |
| Chhattisgarh | Pathadi power station | Lanco and KVK | 1320 | 7,806,085 | Construction | |
| Chhattisgarh | Raigarh Power Project | ACB (India) | 600 | 3,548,220 | Proposed | |
| Chhattisgarh | Raigarh project (VISA Power) | VISA Power | 1200 | 7,096,441 | Proposed | |
| Chhattisgarh | Ratija Power Project | ACB (India) | 50 | 295,685 | Proposed | |
| Chhattisgarh | Tamnar II Project | Jindal Power | 2400 | 14,192,882 | Proposed | |
| Gujarat | Akrimota power station | Gujarat Mineral Development Corporation | 250 | 1,478,425 | Proposed | |
| Gujarat | Amreli power station | Avanthi Power and Infrastructure | 1320 | 7,806,085 | Proposed | |
| Gujarat | Bhadreshwar Thermal Power Project | Adani Power | 3300 | 19,515,213 | Proposed | |
| Gujarat | Bharuch DCM power station | DCM Shriram Consolidated | 48 | 283,858 | Proposed | |
| Gujarat | Bherai power station | VISA Power | 1320 | 7,806,085 | Proposed | |
| Gujarat | Dahej Thermal Power Project | Adani Power | 2640 | 15,612,170 | Proposed | |
| Gujarat | GMR Energy coal plant | GMR | 1800 | 10,644,661 | Proposed | |
| Gujarat | Jamnagar Complex power station | Reliance Industries | 1000 | 5,913,701 | Proposed | |
| Gujarat | Mundra Thermal Power Project | Adani Power | 4620 | 27,321,298 | Proposed | |
| Haryana | Bina Thermal Power Project | Jaiprakash Power Ventures | 1500 | 8,870,551 | Construction | |
| Haryana | Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram Thermal Power Plant Project | Haryana Power Generation Company | 660 | 3,903,043 | Proposed | |
| Haryana | Indira Gandhi Super Thermal Power Project | NTPC | 1500 | 8,870,551 | Construction | 1000 MW operating; 500 MW scheduled Jan. 2012 |
| Haryana | Jhajjar power station | CLP India | 1320 | 7,806,085 | Construction | |
| Haryana | Karchana Thermal Power Project | Jaiprakash Power Ventures | 1980 | 11,709,128 | Construction | |
| Haryana | Karnataka Gupta power station | Gupta Energy | 1320 | 7,806,085 | Proposed | |
| Jharkhand | Bhagapur power station | Gagan Power & Natural Resources | 1320 | 7,806,085 | Proposed | |
| Jharkhand | Bokaro A Thermal Power Station | Damodar Valley Corporation | 500 | 2,956,850 | Construction | |
| Jharkhand | Bokaro Steel City Thermal Power Station | Damodar Valley Corporation | 750 | 4,435,276 | Proposed | |
| Jharkhand | Chandil Bihar Power coal plant | Chandil Power | 500 | 2,956,850 | Proposed | |
| Jharkhand | Chandrapura power station | Damodar Valley Corporation | 500 | 2,956,850 | Construction | |
| Jharkhand | Chandwa Power Project | Abhijeet Group | 1080 | 6,386,797 | Proposed | |
| Jharkhand | Chichro Patsimla power station | NTPC & Coal India | 2000 | 11,827,402 | Proposed | |
| Jharkhand | Dumka Project | Jindal Power | 1300 | 7,687,811 | Proposed | |
| Jharkhand | Godda Project | Jindal Power | 660 | 3,903,043 | Proposed | |
| Jharkhand | Jamshedpur Kandra power station | Adhunik Power and Natural Resources | 1080 | 6,386,797 | Construction | |
| Jharkhand | Jharkhand Aluminium power station | Hindalco Industries | 900 | 5,322,331 | Proposed | |
| Jharkhand | Jharkhand Project | Jindal Power | 2640 | 15,612,170 | Proposed | |
| Jharkhand | Maithon Right Bank Thermal Power Station | Raithon Power and Tata Power | 1000 | 5,913,701 | Proposed | |
| Jharkhand | Ranchi Thermal Power Project | VISA Power | 2640 | 15,612,170 | Proposed | |
| Jharkhand | Tilaiya Ultra Mega Power Project | Reliance Power | 4000 | 23,654,803 | Proposed | |
| Karnataka | Bellary OPG power station | OPG Power Ventures | 12 | 70,964 | Construction | |
| Karnataka | Bellary Thermal Power Station | Karnataka Power Corporation | 500 | 2,956,850 | Construction | |
| Karnataka | Chalmapura power station | Karnataka Power Corporation | 1000 | 5,913,701 | Proposed | |
| Karnataka | Janjgir power station | Karnataka Power Corporation | 1200 | 7,096,441 | Proposed | |
| Madhya Pradesh | Anuppor Thermal Power Project | Moser Baer Power & Infrastructures | 2520 | 14,902,526 | Construction | |
| Madhya Pradesh | Bamitha power station | NTPC | 4000 | 23,654,803 | Proposed | |
| Madhya Pradesh | Barahi power station | Sudama Mahavir Power | 1320 | 7,806,085 | Proposed | |
| Madhya Pradesh | Barethi Super Thermal Power Project | NTPC | 3960 | 23,418,255 | Proposed | |
| Madhya Pradesh | Bina Refinery power station | Bharat Oman Refinery | 99 | 585,456 | Construction | |
| Madhya Pradesh | Chindwara JSW power station | JSW Energy | 1320 | 7,806,085 | Proposed | |
| Madhya Pradesh | Chitrangi power station | Reliance Power | 1320 | 7,806,085 | Proposed | |
| Madhya Pradesh | Dada Dhuniwale Thermal Power Project | M.P. Power Generating Company | 1600 | 9,461,921 | Proposed | |
| Madhya Pradesh | Jabalpur Thermal Power Project | VISA Power | 1320 | 7,806,085 | Proposed | |
| Madhya Pradesh | Jaypee Nigrie Super Thermal Power Project | Jaiprakash Power Ventures | 1320 | 7,806,085 | Proposed | |
| Madhya Pradesh | Jhabua power station | Avanthi Power and Infrastructure | 1200 | 7,096,441 | Proposed | |
| Madhya Pradesh | Madhya Pradesh Jain Energy power station | Jain Energy | 1200 | 7,096,441 | Proposed | |
| Madhya Pradesh | Mahan Aluminium power station | Hindalco Industries | 900 | 5,322,331 | Construction | |
| Madhya Pradesh | Pench Thermal Power Project | Adani Power | 1320 | 7,806,085 | Proposed | |
| Madhya Pradesh | Sasan Ultra Mega Power Project | Reliance Power | 4000 | 23,654,803 | Proposed | |
| Madhya Pradesh | Satpura Thermal Power Station | M.P. Power Generating Company | 500 | 2,956,850 | Construction | |
| Madhya Pradesh | Shree Singaji Thermal Power Project | M.P. Power Generating Company | 2640 | 15,612,170 | Proposed | |
| Madhya Pradesh | Sidhi Power Project | ACB (India) | 1200 | 7,096,441 | Construction | |
| Madhya Pradesh | Sipat I power station | NTPC | 1980 | 11,709,128 | Proposed | |
| Madhya Pradesh | Vindhyachal-IV power station | NTPC | 1000 | 5,913,701 | Proposed | |
| Maharashtra | Amarkantak Thermal Power Project | Lanco | 600 | 3,548,220 | Proposed | |
| Maharashtra | Amravati Thermal Power Project | Indiabulls Power | 2570 | 15,198,211 | Construction | |
| Maharashtra | Bela power station | Ideal Energy Projects | 270 | 1,596,699 | Construction | |
| Maharashtra | Bhandewadi power station | Nagpur Municipal Corporation | 500 | 2,956,850 | Proposed | |
| Maharashtra | Bhusawal Thermal Power Station | Maharashtra State Power Generation Company | 1000 | 5,913,701 | Construction | |
| Maharashtra | Butibori power station | Reliance Power | 600 | 3,548,220 | Construction | |
| Maharashtra | Chandrapur Gupta power station | Gupta Energy | 660 | 3,903,043 | Construction | |
| Maharashtra | Chandrapur Thermal Power Station | Maharashtra State Power Generation Company | 1000 | 5,913,701 | Construction | |
| Maharashtra | Dhariwal power station | Haldia Energy | 600 | 3,548,220 | Proposed | |
| Maharashtra | Dhopave coal plant | NTPC | 1600 | 9,461,921 | Proposed | |
| Maharashtra | Dhopave power station | Maharashtra State Power Generation Company | 1980 | 11,709,128 | Proposed | |
| Maharashtra | EMCO Energy Warora Power Project | EMCO Energy | 600 | 3,548,220 | Proposed | |
| Maharashtra | Girye Ultra Mega Power Project | 4000 | 23,654,803 | Proposed | ||
| Maharashtra | Jaigad coal plant | JSW Energy | 4400 | 26,020,284 | Proposed | |
| Maharashtra | Koradi Thermal Power Station | Maharashtra State Power Generation Company | 1960 | 11,590,854 | Proposed | |
| Maharashtra | Mauda power station | NTPC | 1000 | 5,913,701 | Proposed | |
| Maharashtra | Mendki thermal power project | Maharashtra State Power Generation Company | 1320 | 7,806,085 | Proposed | |
| Maharashtra | Nasik Thermal Power Project | Indiabulls Power | 1320 | 7,806,085 | Proposed | |
| Maharashtra | Parli Thermal Power Station | Maharashtra State Power Generation Company | 350 | 2,069,795 | Proposed | |
| Maharashtra | Rampur coal plant | Finolex | 1000 | 5,913,701 | Proposed | |
| Maharashtra | Shahpur Thermal Power Project | Reliance Power | 1200 | 7,096,441 | Canceled | |
| Maharashtra | Tiroda Thermal Power Project | Adani Power | 1960 | 11,590,854 | Construction | Additional 1370 MW proposed for 2012-2017 |
| Maharashtra | Wardha Warora Power Plant | KSK Energy Ventures | 540 | 3,193,398 | Operating | |
| Orissa | Aditya Aluminium power station | Hindalco Industries | 900 | 5,322,331 | Construction | |
| Orissa | Angul I power station | Jindal India Thermal Power | 1800 | 10,644,661 | Construction | |
| Orissa | Angul II power station | Jindal India Thermal Power | 1320 | 7,806,085 | Construction | |
| Orissa | Angul Smelter power station | National Aluminium Company | 200 | 1,182,740 | Proposed | |
| Orissa | Angul Steel power station | Jindal Steel & Power | 810 | 4,790,098 | Construction | |
| Orissa | Babandh power station | Lanco | 1320 | 7,806,085 | Proposed | |
| Orissa | Balangir power station | Sahara India Power Corporation | 1320 | 7,806,085 | Proposed | |
| Orissa | Bhubaneshwar Jasper power station | Bhubaneshwar Power | 135 | 798,350 | Proposed | |
| Orissa | Brahmani power project | NTPC & Coal India | 2000 | 11,827,402 | Proposed | |
| Orissa | Choudwar power station | Indian Metals & Ferro | 150 | 887,055 | Construction | |
| Orissa | Cuttack power station | VISA Power | 1320 | 7,806,085 | Proposed | |
| Orissa | Darlipalli power station | NTPC | 1600 | 9,461,921 | Proposed | |
| Orissa | Gajmara power station | NTPC | 1600 | 9,461,921 | Proposed | |
| Orissa | Ghogarpalli Ultra Mega Power Project | Power Finance Corporation | 4000 | 23,654,803 | Proposed | Ghogarpalli Integrated Power Company |
| Orissa | Jharsuguda CPP power station | Vedanta Resources | 270 | 1,596,699 | Operating | Began operating in 2011 |
| Orissa | Jharsuguda Sterlite power station | Sterlite Energy | 1800 | 10,644,661 | Construction | |
| Orissa | JR Power Project | KSK Energy Ventures | 1980 | 11,709,128 | Proposed | |
| Orissa | Kishore Nagar Coal-to-Liquids Project | Jindal Steel & Power | - | Proposed | ||
| Orissa | Lankahuda power station | NTPC | - | Proposed | ||
| Orissa | Randia power station | Facor Power | 100 | 591,370 | Construction | |
| Orissa | Srirampur Coal-to-Liquids Project | - | Proposed | 80,000 barrels/day coal-to-liquids | ||
| Orissa | Sundargarh Ultra Mega Power Project | 4000 | 23,654,803 | Proposed | ||
| Orissa | Wardha Naini Power Project | KSK Energy Ventures | 1800 | 10,644,661 | Proposed | |
| Punjab | Goindwal Sahib power station | GVK | 270 | 1,596,699 | Construction | report of different size |
| Punjab | Goindwal Sahib Thermal Power Plant | GVK | 540 | 3,193,398 | Proposed | report of different size |
| Punjab | Talwandi Sabo Power Project | Sterlite Energy | 2640 | 15,612,170 | Construction | |
| Rajasthan | Banswara Cement power station | India Cements | 20 | 118,274 | Proposed | |
| Rajasthan | Banswara Thermal Power Station | Rajasthan RV Utpadan Nigam | 1320 | 7,806,085 | Proposed | |
| Rajasthan | Barsingsar Thermal Power Project | Neyveli Lignite Corporation | 375 | 2,217,638 | Proposed | |
| Rajasthan | Bithnok Thermal Power Project | Neyveli Lignite Corporation | 250 | 1,478,425 | Proposed | |
| Rajasthan | Chhabra power station | Rajasthan RV Utpadan Nigam | 2080 | 12,300,498 | Construction | |
| Rajasthan | Jallipa Kapurdi power station | JSW Energy | 810 | 4,790,098 | Construction | |
| Rajasthan | Kalisindh Thermal Power Station | Rajasthan RV Utpadan Nigam | 1200 | 7,096,441 | Construction | |
| Rajasthan | Kawai Thermal Power Project | Adani Power | 1320 | 7,806,085 | Proposed | |
| Rajasthan | Sakhigopal Ultra Mega Power Project | Power Finance Corporation | 4000 | 23,654,803 | Proposed | Sakhigopal Integrated Power Company |
| Rajasthan | Suratgarh Super Thermal Power Station | Rajasthan RV Utpadan Nigam | 2640 | 15,612,170 | Proposed | |
| Tamil Nadu | Cheyyur Ultra Mega Power Project | Power Finance Corporation | 4000 | 23,654,803 | Proposed | |
| Tamil Nadu | Cuddalore SRM power station | SRM Energy | 1980 | 11,709,128 | Proposed | |
| Tamil Nadu | Ennore power station expansion | TamilNadu Electricity Board | 600 | 3,548,220 | Proposed | |
| Tamil Nadu | Gummidipoondi OPG power station | OPG Power Ventures | 237 | 1,401,547 | Construction | |
| Tamil Nadu | Tirunelveli power station | India Cements | 50 | 295,685 | Proposed | |
| Tamil Nadu | Tuticorin Thermal Power Project | Ind Bharat Power (Karwar) Ltd. | 450 | 2,661,165 | Proposed | |
| Tamil Nadu | Udangudi power station | TamilNadu Electricity Board | 1600 | 9,461,921 | Proposed | |
| Tamil Nadu | Vallur I Phase-II | NTPC and TamilNadu Electricity Board | 500 | 2,956,850 | Proposed | |
| Tamil Nadu | Vallur I power station | NTPC and TamilNadu Electricity Board | 1000 | 5,913,701 | Proposed | |
| Uttar Pradesh | Anpara-C power station | Lanco Group | 1200 | 7,096,441 | Construction | |
| Uttar Pradesh | Auraiya IGCC power station | NTPC | 300 | 1,774,110 | Proposed | |
| Uttar Pradesh | Auraiya Unitech power station | Unitech Machines | 250 | 1,478,425 | Proposed | |
| Uttar Pradesh | Bara Thermal Power Project | Jaiprakash Power Ventures | 3300 | 19,515,213 | Proposed | |
| Uttar Pradesh | Bargarh power station | Bajaj Hindusthan | 1980 | 11,709,128 | Proposed | |
| Uttar Pradesh | Barkera Mill power station | Bajaj Hindusthan | 80 | 473,096 | Proposed | |
| Uttar Pradesh | Chola power station | Tata Power | 1320 | 7,806,085 | Proposed | |
| Uttar Pradesh | Harduaganj power station | Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidyut | 500 | 2,956,850 | Construction | |
| Uttar Pradesh | Indira Gandhi Super Thermal Power Plant | Aravali Power Company | 1500 | 8,870,551 | Construction | |
| Uttar Pradesh | Lalitpur power project | Bajaj Hindusthan | 1980 | 11,709,128 | Proposed | |
| Uttar Pradesh | NCTPP II power station | NTPC | 980 | 5,795,427 | Proposed | |
| Uttar Pradesh | Parichha power station | Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidyut | 500 | 2,956,850 | Construction | |
| Uttar Pradesh | Rihand III power station | NTPC | 1000 | 5,913,701 | Proposed | |
| Uttar Pradesh | Rosa Phase I power station | Reliance Power | 600 | 3,548,220 | Operating | |
| Uttar Pradesh | Rosa Phase II power station | Reliance Power | 600 | 3,548,220 | Construction | |
| West Bengal | Adra Purulia power station | Indian Railways | 1320 | 7,806,085 | Proposed | |
| West Bengal | Balagarh power station | CESC | 1320 | 7,806,085 | Proposed | |
| West Bengal | Bankura Concast power station | Concast Bengal Industries | 20.5 | 121,231 | Proposed | |
| West Bengal | Durgapur Steel City power station | Damodar Valley Corporation | 1000 | 5,913,701 | Construction | |
| West Bengal | Haldia Energy | CESC | 600 | 3,548,220 | Proposed |
Table 2: Summary statistics for proposed coal plants in India
| Capacity (MW) | # of Plants | Tons of CO2/Year | |
| Proposed | 187,733 | 132 | 1,100,495,366 |
| Construction | 54,349 | 51 | 322,704,739 |
| Operating | 1,410 | 3 | 8,338,318 |
| Deferred | 10,600 | 3 | 62,685,228 |
| Cancelled | 3,840 | 2 | 22,708,611 |
| Total | 257,832 | 191 |
Coal-fired power stations financed by international public investment institutions
Coal-fired power stations financed by international public investment institutions include:[20]
Proposed New "Ultra Mega" Coal-Fired Power Stations
India has proposed a series of 'ultra mega' coal-fired power stations of 4,000 megawatts or more.
In 2007 the Ministry of Power, an Indian government agency, proposed the development of nine additional 4,000 megawatt 'ultra maga' power projects to be financed on a Build, Own, and Operate basis by private companies selected by the government. The Ministry of Power stated that the projects would be 'super critical' coal plants which would either be located at the pithead of specific coal deposits or at coastal projects to be based on imported coal.
In an attempt to make the projects attractive for private sector investors, the Ministry of Power, the Central Electricity Authority and the Power Finance Corporation determined that it "was deemed necessary to provide the site, fuel linkage in captive mining blocks, water and obtain environment and forests clearance, substantial progress on land acquisition leading to possession of land, through a Shell Company." The shell companies were also given the initial task for finalizing agreements with power purchasers.[21]
The Ministry stated that the Central Electricity Authority (CEA) had selected the sites in consultation with state governments with the coastal sites being the Mundra, Krishnapatnam, Tadri, Girye, and Cheyyur projects. The mine pithead sites are the Sasan, Tilaiya, Sundergarh and Akaltara projects.[21]
While the Indian government has ambitious plans for new power stations, some have noted that in the past the government has been unable to deliver on its stated plans. "The government?s capacity addition programme has been grossly inadequate in the past. In the 9th and 10th Plans, less than 50% of the targeted capacity was added. In the on-going 11th Plan, while the Centre had originally planned to add 768,577 MW [sic - one digit too many] of capacity, the power ministry has now scaled down the target to 62,000 MW," wrote Amiti Sen & Subhash Narayan in the Economic Times.[22]
In 2007 the Hindustan Times reported that of the 9 locations initially selected for Ultra Mega Power Project "three including Girye in Maharashtra, Akaltara in Chattisgarh and Tadri in Karnataka may have to be eventually abandoned. Despite being a pit head project, the Akaltara project has been dogged by coal linkage issues, while the Tadri project has been delayed due to various reasons, including the unstable political situation in Karnataka."[23]
The current nine identified proposals are:[24]
Proposed coal-to-liquids projects
In March 2009 the Indian government announced that it had awarded two coal blocks for the development of two different coal-to-liquids projects in the state of Orissa. These are:
- the north Arkhapal coal block to Strategic Energy Technology Systems Ltd, a 50:50 joint venture between Tata Power and Sasol Synfuels International, the international synfuels subsidiary of Sasol. It is projected that the $10 billion.[25] plant would produce 80,000 barrels of crude oil a day.[26] In early 2010 Orissa's Chief minister Naveen Patnaik told reporters that "though we have not identified the location, the proposed plant will be somewhere in the state." It was also reported that the coal would come from the Srirampur area in Talcher. The Business Standard also stated that the project "requires 3,000 acre of land for its main plant, additional land would be required for setting up coal mines, benefication plants, coal handling plants, water reservoirs, power plants and a township" and would involved the establishment of a 1600 megawatt power station. The newspaper also reported that the joint venture was "yet to make a formal application" for the plant the company was pressing the state government "to provide adequate facilities for early commissioning of the project."[27] (See Srirampur Coal-to-Liquids Project for more details).
- the Ramchandi block to Jindal Steel and Power Limited (JSPL) is projected to produce 80,000 barrels per day will use the German Lurgi technology. The plant is proposed to be established at Kishore Nagar in Angul district of Orissa. Waste coal from the washery is proposed to be used as fuel for a 1,350MW power station. [26] (See Kishore Nagar Coal-to-Liquids Project for more details).
Estimated number of new plants approved
According to the Sierra Club, India approved 173 coal fired power plants in 2010.[28]
According to Economic and Political Weekly, if you count only projects that have a capacity of 500 MW or above, data from the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) indicates that since 2006, environmental clearance has been given to nearly 200 thermal coal projects for generating close to 220,000 MW of power: "To put this number in perspective, the total existing electricity generation capacity in the country ? from thermal, nuclear, hydro, and other sources ? was just over 176,990 MW at the end of June 2011 (CEA 2011). The thermal generation capacity expansion underway works out to 1.3 times the total generation capacity in the country." The top six coal-mining states ? Jharkhand, Orissa, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh (MP), and Andhra Pradesh (AP) ? account for close to half of the capacity addition. Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Gujarat account for a third. The remaining is spread across Uttar Pradesh (UP), Bihar, Haryana, Rajasthan, Karnataka, Punjab, Delhi and Tripura.[29]
According to a August 2011 report by Prayas (Initiatives in Health, Energy, Learning and Parenthood) -- a non-governmental, non-profit organisation based in Pune -- the India Ministry has so far given environmental clearances to coal and gas-based power plants whose capacity totals 192,913 MW, while another 508,907 MW are at various stages in the environmental clearance cycle, for a total of 701,820 MW. Coal-based plants account for 84% of the projects. These additions are more than six times the currently installed thermal capacity of 113,000 MW.
Four new coal plants in Uttar Pradesh
In December 2010, it was reported that four coal fired power plants of 1320 MW each will be set up in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh "to meet the state's growing energy needs." According to Press Trust of India, a high profile government body, Energy Task Force (ETF), approved the plants. A decision was taken by ETF Chairman and UP Chief Secretary Atul Kumar Gupta. While National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) will be constructing a plant in Bihlaur, Kanpur, Torrent Power will set up one in Sandila, Wellspun and TSBC in Khurja.[30]
Andhra Pradesh, India
As of 2011, the installed capacity in the state of Andhra Pradesh is 15,800 MW. According to a survey by the Central Electricity Authority, the peak electrical demand in the state is expected to reach 28,215 MW by 2021. According to Grist, there are 117 proposed power plants in the state, geared to generate an additional 77,800 MW; of this, 55,925 MW will be coal-based.[31] According to the Guardian, seven major and more than 30 smaller coal-powered power stations are planned, together intended to have a capacity of 56GW.[32]
There has been community resistance against coal plants in Andhra Pradesh, particularly in the Srikakulam District, where six coal plants are proposed including the Nagarjuna Construction Company Sompeta Thermal Plant, and the Krishnapatnam port, where 24 plants are proposed. Police are reported to be unleashing violence and intimidation to suppress villagers as they struggle to protect their livelihood and habitats.[33]
The Nagarjuna Construction Company Sompeta Thermal Plant is a 2640 MW coal-fired power plant proposed for Sompeta in Andhra Pradesh, India. In the wake of highly publicized protests and the killings of local residents by police, the project's environmental clearance was revoked by the ministry of environment and forests in July, 2010.[34]
The Bhavanapadu Thermal Power Project is a 2,640 megawatt (MW) coal-fired power station proposed by East Coast Energy to be constructed in Andhra Pradesh, India.[35]
Environment Minister approves sixteen coal projects
On February 11, 2011 India's Environment Minister Jairam Ramesh approved a total of sixteen new coal projects that were on hold due to environmental regulations. Coal Minister Sriprakash Jaiswal stated that the environment minister?s okay of Coal India's proposed coal mine projects was due to pressure from higher levels in the Indian government. The Coal Minister also stated that environmental regulations are one of the reasons why the growth of Coal India ? which produces 80 percent of the country's coal ? dropped to 2 percent in 2010, compared to 2009's figure of almost 7 percent. However, the Coal Minister said the areas off limits to coal mining would remain off limits, despite the likely increase in the country's coal use.[36]
DB Power's proposed Dharamjaigarh coal mine and plant
DB Power is a subsidiary of DB Corp Ltd, a media conglomerate in India. DB Power is seeking the acquisition of 693.32 hectares of land for a coal mine, a project in Dharamjaigarh that would displace an estimated 524 families from six settlements to extract 2 million tonnes of coal annually. The coal would be used to fuel a 1320 MW thermal power plant that would be built in the adjoining district of Janjgir. After public protest against the proposed mine, DB Power submitted an affidavit pledging not to conduct any mining operations in nagar panchayat land. A supplementary letter filed at a Feb. 2011 public hearing promised to re-site any proposed water tanks and coal piles from nagar panchayat land to the remaining leased area. Four villages, however, would still lose their lands.[37]
Coal Exports
India has almost negligible coal exports, estimated to be at only 1.5 million tonnes in 2005.[5]
Coal Imports
In 2009, India imported 67 mega tons (Mt) of coal, according to estimates by the World Coal Institute.[38] According to the U.S. EIA, in 2009 India mined 613.4 million short tons of coal, and used 680.9 million short tons.[39] The World Coal Institute puts 2009 India coal production at 526Mt.[38]
In 2010, Chairman of Coal India Partha Bhattacharyya projected that India may import close to 100 million metric tons of coal in the year 2010 - ending March 31, 2011 - to meet growing demand for the fuel from power plants. India generates 70% or more of its electricity by burning coal.[40]
Indian coal imports are rising rapidly. From April 2008 through March 2009, the country imported 59 million metric tons (tonnes); from April 2009 through March 2010 imports rose 24 percent to 73.25 million tonnes. In February 2011, Coal Minister Sriprakash Jaiswal projected that 2010/2011 imports would jump 70 percent to 142 million tonnes.[41]
On a calendar year basis, according to India Coal Market Watch port data, India?s coal imports rose by 14 percent from 2009, to 86.28 million metric tons in 2010. Imports of coking coal, used in steel making, totaled 25.8 million tons and the rest was made up of thermal coal for electricity and heat, according to estimates. Overseas purchases of coking coal rose by 1.3 percent last year, while thermal coal imports increased by about 24 percent. Imports of the fuel may rise to more than 100 million tons in 2011 because India is adding about 4,000 megawatts of coal-fired capacity, it said.[42]
In September 2011 it was announced that the country could import approximately 114 million tonnes of coal in 2011/12, up by over a third from the 2010. Imports will come primarily from Indonesia and South Africa to help prevent power stations and factories in Asia's third-largest economy from slowing down.[43] It was also reported that coal imports were up about 70 percent in the first six months of the year ending March 2012.[44]
In November 2011 the Indian government reported that between April-October 2011, coal imports rose 51% compared to the same period during the previous year.[45]
Terminals
India is dependent on a number of coal terminals to bring these imports into the country, as shown on the map below.
India coal ports
Existing terminals
Future imports
Tata Power, a Tata group company, is looking for a strategic stake in Indonesian and South African coal mines for supply of 6-8 million tons of coal to fuel its 2x800MW thermal power project, the Mundra Ultra Mega Power Project. The company targets to acquire a stake that will assure 8-9 million tons of coal supply.[46] Tata Power is also seeking out coal from East Kalimantan and Mozambique.[47]
Coal India (CIL) plans to forge new deals with a mix of domestic and foreign companies. The latter includes BHP Billiton, Rio Tinto, and Vale of Brazil, as well as Vedanta Resources, a London-based metals producer that has embarked on a US$10 billion expansion of Indian coal mining to also increase its output of zinc, lead, and silver, and to power its expanding Jharsuguda aluminum smelter in Orissa. The Coal Ministry in early 2010 announced it was "encouraging" CIL to acquire or develop coal mining operations in Mozambique, Australia, Indonesia, South Africa and the US. The state company is also negotiating with Peabody Energy for stakes in four Australian mines, aimed at producing12 mt per annum by 2012.[47]
On August 2, 2010, news reports said India's Adani Group will buy a coal tenement in Queensland's Galilee Basis from Australia's Linc Energy. The deal could be worth more than 1 billion Australian dollars (900 million US), and would be the first time an Indian company has bought a coal seam rather than invested in a coal mining company. Adani is India's largest coal importer and a key player in India's plans to double power generation over the coming decade: there are 28 coal-fired plants under construction and another 28 on the drawing board. The value of shares in Linc has risen nearly 60 per cent since the start of July in anticipation of the sale of three Queensland coal assets. Linc's primary business is coal seam gas.[48]
It was announced in November 2011 that Coal India was in talks with Peabody Energy and Massey Energy about acquiring two of the companies' mines. Coal India has budgeted $1.2 billion to buy assets in the U.S., Indonesia and Australia during the year ending March 2011 as it battles a widening gap between domestic coal supply and demand.[49]Source: http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=India_and_coal&diff=551027&oldid=prev
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